Association of clonidine and ropivacaine in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy / Associação de clonidina e ropivacaína no bloqueio de plexo braquial para artroscopia de ombro

Abstract Background and objectives: Arthroscopy for shoulder disorders is associated with severe and difficult to control pain, postoperatively. The addition of clonidine to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve block has become increasingly common, thanks to the potential ability of this drug to reduce the mass of local anesthetic required and to prolonging analgesia postoperatively. The present study aimed to evaluate the success of brachial plexus block for arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery using local anesthetic with or without clonidine. Method: 53 patients of both genders, between 18 and 70 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery were selected. Patients were then randomized into two groups. The verbal numerical pain scale and the presence of motor block were obtained in the post-anesthetic recovery room and 6, 12, 18 and 24 h postoperatively. Results: The association of clonidine (0.15 mg) to a solution of 0.33% ropivacaine (30 mL) in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy has not diminished the visual numeric pain scale values, nor the need for opioid rescue postoperatively. There was a lower incidence of nausea/vomiting postoperatively and a significant motor block time prolongation in the group of patients who received clonidine as adjuvant. Conclusions: The use of brachial plexus block with local anesthetic for analgesic postoperative control is well established in the literature. The addition of clonidine in the dose proposed for prolongation of the analgesic effect and reduction of opioid rescue proved unhelpful.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A artroscopia para afecções do ombro associa-se a dor de forte intensidade no pós-operatório, de difícil manejo. A adição de clonidina ao anestésico local em bloqueios periféricos tornou-se progressivamente maior graças à potencial habilidade dessa droga em reduzir a massa de anestésicos locais necessários e prolongar a analgesia no pós-operatório. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o sucesso do bloqueio de plexo braquial para a cirurgia artroscópica de manguito rotador com o uso de anestésico local associado ou não à clonidina. Método: Foram selecionados 53 pacientes de ambos os sexos, entre 18 e 70 anos, ASA I ou II, que seriam submetidos à cirurgia de ombro por artroscopia. Os pacientes foram então randomizados em dois grupos. A escala numérica verbal de dor e a presença de bloqueio motor eram obtidas na sala de recuperação pós-anestésica (SRPA) e com seis, 12, 18 e 24 horas de pós-operatório. Resultados: A associação de clonidina (0,15 mg) à solução de ropivacaína 0,33% (30 mL) no bloqueio de plexo braquial para artroscopia de ombro não diminuiu os valores da escala visual numérica de dor, nem a necessidade de resgate com opioides no pós-operatório. Houve uma menor incidência de náuseas e vômitos no pós-operatório (NVPO) e aumento considerável do tempo de bloqueio motor no grupo de pacientes que recebeu clonidina como adjuvante. Conclusões: O uso do bloqueio de plexo braquial com anestésico local para controle analgésico pós-operatório está consolidado na literatura. A adição de clonidina na dose proposta para prolongamento do efeito analgésico e redução de resgate com opioides mostrou-se pouco útil.

Association of clonidine and ropivacaine in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Arthroscopy for shoulder disorders is associated with severe and difficult to control pain, postoperatively. The addition of clonidine to local anesthetics for peripheral nerve block has become increasingly common, thanks to the potential ability of this drug to reduce the mass of local anesthetic required and to prolonging analgesia postoperatively. The present study aimed to evaluate the success of brachial plexus block for arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery using local anesthetic with or without clonidine. METHOD: 53 patients of both genders, between 18 and 70 years old, American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II, who were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic shoulder surgery were selected. Patients were then randomized into two groups. The verbal numerical pain scale and the presence of motor block were obtained in the post-anesthetic recovery room and 6, 12, 18 and 24h postoperatively. RESULTS: The association of clonidine (0.15mg) to a solution of 0.33% ropivacaine (30mL) in brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopy has not diminished the visual numeric pain scale values, nor the need for opioid rescue postoperatively. There was a lower incidence of nausea/vomiting postoperatively and a significant motor block time prolongation in the group of patients who received clonidine as adjuvant. CONCLUSIONS: The use of brachial plexus block with local anesthetic for analgesic postoperative control is well established in the literature. The addition of clonidine in the dose proposed for prolongation of the analgesic effect and reduction of opioid rescue proved unhelpful.

Anestesia para procedimentos fora do bloco cirúrgico: protocolo de cuidados / Anesthesia outside the operating room: standard of care

O desenvolvimento de procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos, progressivamente mais complexos, nas últimas duas décadas têm aumentado a demanda pelo atendimento anestesiológico em locais que não o centro cirúrgico. O objetivo desta revisão é abordar a anestesia para procedimentos fora do centro cirúrgico considerando os aspectos anestésicos e riscos durante a realização de tais procedimentos.

The development of therapeutic and diagnosis procedures, progressively more complex in the last two decades, raised the demand of anesthesiologist care in places out of the operating room. The goal of this review is to approach anesthetic procedures in nonoperating room, considering anesthetic aspects and the risk of these procedures.